tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11891267688867103782024-03-13T14:14:10.795-07:00Oncology,cancer,Mesothelioma,lung cancer,breast cancer,leukemia,prostateOncology,cancer,Mesothelioma,lung cancer,breast cancer,leukemia,prostateMesotheliomahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03858174151779381684noreply@blogger.comBlogger9125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189126768886710378.post-23469406747696428732011-08-26T19:55:00.000-07:002011-08-27T11:52:36.012-07:00What Causes Cancer<script type="text/javascript"><!-- google_ad_client = "pub-8000911728780076"; /* 468x60, created 8/27/11 */ google_ad_slot = "3755552287"; google_ad_width = 468; google_ad_height = 60; //--><br /></script>
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">What Causes Cancer?</span>
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<br />1-Cancer is a complex group of diseases with many possible causes. In this section you can learn more about the known causes of cancer, including genetic factors; lifestyle factors such as tobacco use, diet, and physical activity; certain types of infections; and environmetal exposures to different types of chemicals and radiation.
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<br />Some types of cancer run in certain families, but most cancers are not clearly linked to the genes we inherit from our parents. In this section you can learn more about the complex links between genes and cancer, as well as genetic testing and how it is used.
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<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-agxX7AN2dTw/Tlhdb1QGqXI/AAAAAAAAACA/rt4NP8zUnCI/s1600/acspc-0270070.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 136px; height: 100px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-agxX7AN2dTw/Tlhdb1QGqXI/AAAAAAAAACA/rt4NP8zUnCI/s320/acspc-0270070.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645364865641392498" border="0" /></a><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Tobacco and Cancer</span>
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<br />In this section you can get information on cigarette, cigar, and smokeless tobacco use, and learn how it affects different groups of people.
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<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6hzEUJegWIo/TlhdyxJ9bXI/AAAAAAAAACI/RX9LqeRFkAM/s1600/acspc-02704400.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 136px; height: 100px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6hzEUJegWIo/TlhdyxJ9bXI/AAAAAAAAACI/RX9LqeRFkAM/s320/acspc-02704400.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645365259678870898" border="0" /></a><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Diet and P</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">hysical Activity</span>
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<br />Get the facts on how diet, physical activity, excess body weight, and alcohol use may affect your risk of cancer.
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<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Kpvs-LsOQHM/Tlhd-8mnUSI/AAAAAAAAACQ/bfocihZeO5E/s1600/acspc-02703100.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 136px; height: 100px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Kpvs-LsOQHM/Tlhd-8mnUSI/AAAAAAAAACQ/bfocihZeO5E/s320/acspc-02703100.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645365468910276898" border="0" /></a><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Sun and UV Exposure</span>
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<br />In this section you can learn more about the link between too much sun exposure and cancer.
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<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-T8FG-_6ilGE/TlhePhbGxiI/AAAAAAAAACY/ogurP2PoQ50/s1600/acspc-02700410.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 136px; height: 100px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-T8FG-_6ilGE/TlhePhbGxiI/AAAAAAAAACY/ogurP2PoQ50/s320/acspc-02700410.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645365753672025634" border="0" /></a><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Other Carcinogens</span>
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<br />Learn about some of the environmental causes of cancer that may lurk in our homes, at work, in pollution, and even in some medical tests and treatments. You can also learn how some types of infections are linked to cancer.
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<br />Mesotheliomahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03858174151779381684noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189126768886710378.post-51088146602322508052011-08-26T19:46:00.000-07:002011-08-27T11:51:49.331-07:00WHAT IS CANCER<script type="text/javascript"><!--
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<br /><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);" class="introtext"><h2>CANCER</h2></div> <div class="clearfix textblock textblock-nomargin"> <h3 style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">WHAT IS CANCER?</h3> <div class="background clearfix"><span class="text richtext"><p>1- First what is Cancer is a general term that is used to describe a group of more than 200 diseases, which can affect any part of the body. It is a major public health problem, with significant associated death and disability. It is the second leading cause of death in developed countries and is one of the three leading causes of death for adults in developing countries. Globally, cancer accounts for one in eight deaths overall – more than AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria combined. 1 A substantial number of sufferers experience a significant reduction in their quality of life due to physical pain, mental anguish and economic hardship. </p> <p>Although there has been a decline in cancer incidence and mortality rates in many parts of the developed world, rapid growth in the global cancer burden is being fuelled by a continued rise in economically developing countries. <span style="text-decoration: underline;">1</span></p> <p class="last">Worldwide, the number of new cancer cases per year is expected to top 15 million and the number of deaths could grow to as many as 12 million by 2020. At least 70% of these deaths will be in economically developing countries, where survival rates (20–30%) are often less than half those in the USA and other developed nations (more than 60%). <span style="text-decoration: underline;">1</span></p></span></div> </div> <div class="clearfix textblock textblock-highlighted"><div class="background clearfix"><span class="text richtext"><p><strong>The Facts</strong></p> <ul><li>One out of every two men and one out of every three women will have some type of cancer at some point during their lifetime. <span style="text-decoration: underline;">2</span> </li><li>Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world and represents a tremendous burden on patients, families and societies. <span style="text-decoration: underline;">3</span> </li><li>In 2008 there were 12.4 million new cases of cancer diagnosed and 7.6 million deaths from the disease. 4 The most common cancers in terms of incidence were lung (1.52 million), <sup><a href="http://www.inoncology.com/what-is-cancer-and-causes.html#5">5</a></sup> breast (1.29 million) and colorectal (1.15 million). <span style="text-decoration: underline;">4</span> </li><li>Based on projections, cancer deaths will continue to rise. By the year 2030, the burden is set to more than double: there will be 26.4 million cancer cases, 17 million deaths and 75 million people living with the disease. <span style="text-decoration: underline;"> 4</span> </li></ul></span></div></div> <div class="clearfix textblock textblock-nomargin"> <h3>WHAT CAUSES CANCER </h3> <div class="background clearfix"> <div class="media media-right" style="width: 308px; min-width: 308px;"><img src="http://www.inoncology.com/what-is-cancer-and-causes/_jcr_content/par/text_2/image.915392104.image.png" title="The cell cycle" alt="The cell cycle" width="293" height="288" /></div> <span class="text richtext"><p> Cancer begins in cells, the basic building blocks of the body. In a healthy body, cells will grow and divide to form new cells as the body needs them. Over time, as cells get old they die and new cells take their place. This process is called the cell cycle (Figure 1). A key feature of cancer is that this process goes wrong: new cells form when the body does not need them and old cells do not die when they should. These extra cells form a mass or tumour, although some cancers, like leukaemia, involve the blood and blood-forming organs and circulate through other tissues.</p> <p class="last">Tumours can be benign or malignant. Benign tumours are not cancerous. They can often be removed by surgery and in most cases do not spread to other parts of the body. Most benign tumours are not life threatening. Malignant tumours are cancerous, are generally more serious than benign tumours and may be life-threatening. In some cases, the original cancer, also called the primary tumour, can spread to other parts of the body via the bloodstream or lymphatic system to form new, or secondary, tumours.
<br />This process is called metastasis.
<br /></p></span> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix textblock textblock-nomargin"><div class="background clearfix"><span class="text richtext"><p>To care effectively for cancer patients, it is essential to consider the following factors:</p> <ul><li>Site of origin of the cancer (e.g. breast, prostate, colon)</li><li>Histological type (or tissue type) of the tumour (e.g. adenocarcinoma, lymphoma)</li><li>Degree to which the cancer has grown or spread (i.e. extent or stage the of disease)</li></ul> <p>For most tumour types there is an established TNM classification. These factors provide clinicians with knowledge of the extent or stage of the cancer, which assists in management of the disease. These factors also form the basis of the global standard for cancer staging known as the TNM classification:</p> <ul><li>T = describes the size or direct extent of the primary tumour - Histological type of the tumour (e.g. adenocarcinoma, lymphoma)</li><li>N = describes the spread to regional lymph nodes</li><li>M = describes if there are distant metastasis</li></ul> <p class="last">The TNM system developed from the observation that the prognosis of patients with small tumours was better than for those with tumours of greater size at the primary site. In general, patients with tumours confined to the primary site have better prognosis than those with involvement of the lymph nodes, and in turn those patients have better prognosis than those with tumours that have metastasised (or spread).</p></span></div></div> <div class="clearfix textblock textblock-nomargin"><div class="background clearfix"> <div class="media media-right" style="width: 245px; min-width: 245px;"><img src="http://www.inoncology.com/what-is-cancer-and-causes/_jcr_content/par/text_4/image.-1122951976.image.png" title="Main risk factors" alt="Main risk factors" width="230" height="264" /></div> <span class="text richtext"><p>Cancer occurs because of changes in the genes responsible for cell growth and repair. Certain lifestyle and environmental factors can change normal genes into faulty genes that allow cancer growth. Many of these changes are the result of tobacco use, poor diet, exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays, and radiation from the sun or exposure to cancer-causing substances (carcinogens) in the environment.</p> <p>Some gene alterations are inherited; however, having an inherited gene – for example, the BRCA1 or BRCA2 (breast cancer) gene – does not necessarily mean the person will develop cancer, only that their chance of getting cancer is increased.</p> <p class="last">Although cancer itself is not contagious, being infected with certain viruses, such as hepatitis B or C, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and others, increases the risk of developing some types of cancer.</p></span> </div></div> <div class="clearfix textblock textblock-nomargin"> <h3>CAN CANCER BE PREVENTED</h3> <div class="background clearfix"><span class="text richtext"><p>Although there is no guaranteed way to prevent cancer, a combination of public-health measures and individual risk-factor management could significantly reduce the global burden of cancer.</p> <p>One-third of cancers could be cured if detected early and treated adequately. Treatment is often more effective when cancer is detected earlier. For some cancers, such as prostate, breast and cervical, screening such as blood tests, mammography and cytology can help to identify cancer or pre-cancerous changes before physical changes can be detected. In addition, education about the recognition of key symptoms, such as unusual lumps, persistent coughing, abnormal bleeding or change in bowel habits, can all help improve outcome through early diagnosis and treatment.</p> <p>There are a number of cancer prevention strategies aimed at reducing individuals’ exposure to risk, including:</p> <ul><li>Reducing tobacco and alcohol usage</li><li>Improving diet and physical exercise</li><li>Immunisation against HPV infection</li><li>Education about risk behaviours relating to hepatitis B and C infection</li><li>Immunisation against hepatitis B infection</li><li>Controlling exposure to occupational hazards, such as certain chemicals</li><li>Reducing exposure to sunlight</li></ul> <p class="last"> </p></span></div> </div> <div class="clearfix textblock textblock-nomargin"> <h3>HOW IS CANCER TREATED</h3> <div class="background clearfix"><span class="text richtext"><p>Cancer can be treated in a number of ways, including surgery, radiation therapy and systemic therapy. The doctor may use only one or a combination of treatment methods depending on the type and location of the cancer, the patient’s age and health, and whether the cancer is localised in one area or has spread. Some cancer treatments can also affect healthy as well as cancer cells and result in side effects; however, treatments are available that can reduce these unwanted effects during and after treatment.</p> <p><strong>Surgery</strong> is the oldest treatment for cancer and is still a very important and often successful option for many cancer types, particularly breast, colon and prostate. It is often used in combination with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy and so is heavily focused towards the multidisciplinary approach to cancer management. </p> <p class="last">The aim of treatment is complete eradication of the disease, and if no metastatic disease is present then removing the tumour can achieve cure. However, in some cases there are residual undetected cancer cells and patients will go on to develop recurrent disease. But in many cases, patients will remain disease-free and eventually outlive their cancer and die from unrelated causes.</p></span></div> </div> <div class="clearfix textblock textblock-nomargin"><div class="background clearfix"> <div class="media media-right" style="width: 272px; min-width: 272px;"><img src="http://www.inoncology.com/what-is-cancer-and-causes/_jcr_content/par/text_7/image.1256269323.image.png" title="Radiation therapy" alt="Radiation therapy" width="257" height="210" /></div> <span class="text richtext"><p><strong>Radiation therapy</strong> is the practice of treating disease with ionising radiation. First used in 1896, just after the discovery of X-rays, it is now an important treatment option in the modern management of cancer, with approximately 50% of patients potentially benefiting from radiotherapy at some stage in their illness. <span style="text-decoration: underline;">1</span></p> <p>In two-thirds of patients given radiotherapy, the treatment objective is curative, either alone or in combination with surgery or systemic therapy. The aim is to maximise damage to cancer cells while minimising damage to healthy tissue. In addition, palliative radiotherapy may offer many patients relief from symptoms associated with advanced cancer.</p> <p>Radiation can be given externally by a machine that aims radiation at the tumour area. It can also be given internally by needles, seeds, wires or catheters containing a radioactive substance, which are placed directly in or near the tumour.</p> <p>Side effects from radiotherapy are usually temporary and most can be treated or controlled. Radiation may cause patients to feel tired and cause a decrease in white blood cells, which help to protect the body against infection. With external radiation, it is also common to have temporary hair loss in the treated area and for the skin to become red, dry, tender and itchy.</p> <p><strong>Systemic therapy</strong> Although surgery and radiotherapy remain the primary treatment options for many cancers, some patients will also need systemic therapy. Systemic therapy encompasses chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and targeted therapy and plays an important role in the multidisciplinary management of cancer. </p> <p>The main aims of treatment are curative, prolongation of survival, symptom relief and improved quality of life. The improved understanding of the molecular biology of cancer has led to novel therapeutic targets and the development of many new anti-cancer agents.</p> <p class="last"><strong>Chemotherapy</strong> is the general term for any treatment involving the use of chemical agents to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. Importantly, different types of cancer respond to different types of chemotherapy and different chemotherapeutic agents act in different ways on the cell. Consequently, treatment may involve a combination of different agents to achieve the best effect. Unfortunately, chemotherapeutic or cytotoxic agents cannot differentiate between a cancer cell and some healthy cells, so as well as destroying cancer cells chemotherapy also affects other fast-growing cells in the body, including hair and blood cells. This broad-spectrum effect is responsible for many of the side effects that are typically associated with chemotherapy, such as hair loss, blood disorders and nausea. </p></span> </div></div> <div class="clearfix textblock textblock-nomargin"><div class="background clearfix"> <div class="media media-left" style="width: 412px; min-width: 412px;"><img src="http://www.inoncology.com/what-is-cancer-and-causes/_jcr_content/par/text_8/image.-912204438.image.png" title="Prediction" alt="Prediction" width="397" height="259" /></div> <span class="text richtext"><p class="last"> </p></span> </div></div> <div class="clearfix textblock"><div class="background clearfix"><span class="text richtext"><p><strong>Hormonal therapy</strong> is used to treat certain cancers that depend on hormones to grow. The main hormone responsive cancers are breast, prostate and endometrial cancer, and the main hormones involved are oestrogens, androgens and progesterones, respectively. Thyroid cancer is also a hormone-responsive cancer and suppression of thyroid-stimulating hormone is important in the management of this disease. Hormone therapy may include the use of medication to stop the production of hormones. Alternatively, surgery may be used to remove organs that are responsible for making the hormones – for example, removal of the testicles in prostate cancer. Side effects caused by hormonal therapy are related to the natural effects of hormones in the body. These may include fluid retention, weight gain, hot flushes and erectile dysfunction, depending on which hormone is being inhibited by treatment. </p> <p><strong>Targeted therapy</strong> is medication that blocks the growth and spread of cancer by interfering with specific molecules that are involved in carcinogenesis (the process by which normal cells become cancer cells) and tumour growth. By focusing on molecular and cellular changes that are specific to cancer, these ‘targeted’ cancer therapies may be more effective than current treatments and less harmful to normal cells. Examples of targeted cancer therapies include: monoclonal antibodies, angiogenesis inhibitors, signal-transduction inhibitors (also known as small molecule drugs), cell-cycle kinase inhibitors and gene therapy. </p> <p><strong>Personalised medicine</strong> is the concept that drug therapy can be tailored to a person’s genetic make-up. It has long been recognised that patients respond very differently to the same medication. If these differences can be linked to an individual’s genetic variations, then it opens up opportunities to screen patients before therapy. This could avoid a trial-and-error approach to prescribing. By selecting the right medication first time and tailoring the dose, it is hoped that personalised medicine will reduce the number of adverse reactions that occur. This could also mean that patients who are not likely to respond to treatment will not receive unnecessary medicines with their attendant side effects. For example lung cancer once thought of as homogenous disease is many different types of disease. As more lung cancer biomarkers are discovered so the amount of individual lung cancer types grows. In addition this expands opportunities to develop drugs to target these new types of cancers. Some believe that personalised medicine is entering a new phase, marked by the emergence of treatments, now in clinical trials, for patients who develop resistance to personalised drugs. <span style="text-decoration: underline;">7</span> Currently, it seems that the most progress in personalised medicine is being made in the field of oncology. 8</p> <p class="last">Personalised medicine could also have cost-saving benefits for governments and payers.</p><p class="last">i will tell what is CAUSES CANCER ....
<br /></p></span></div></div>Mesotheliomahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03858174151779381684noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189126768886710378.post-89192374323787807312010-04-16T15:52:00.000-07:002011-08-27T11:36:39.425-07:00Surgeons and Oncologists<h1 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Robert J. Cerfolio M.D.</h1> <p style="font-weight: bold;">Dr. Robert Cerfolio is a thoracic surgeon at the University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery. Dr. Cerfolio also serves as the Chief and Director of Thoracic Surgery at the Birmingham Veterans Administration Hospital. His expertise is wide-ranging but includes lung cancer, esophageal surgery, tracheal surgery, bronchopleural fistula, and video assisted thoroscopy. His most recent work has been focused on developing gene therapies for those diagnosed with esophageal cancer.</p> <p style="font-weight: bold;">Dr. Cerfolio received his Bachelors degree from the University of Rochester in 1984. He then enrolled at the University of Rochester Medical Center in 1988. After an internship in general surgery at the Hartford Hospital St. Francis, he enrolled in a residency program in urology at Cornell-New York Hospital, an affiliate of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, from 1991-1993. After completing his general surgery residency at the esteemed Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, Dr. Cerfolio began a cardiothoracic fellowship, finishing in 1996. </p> <p style="font-weight: bold;">Dr. Cerfolio has been consistently ranked as one of America’s best doctors, a distinction endowed by the voting of his peers. He has also developed a reputation as one of the busiest doctors in the country. In 1999, Dr. Cerfolio performed nearly 800 assorted operations of the lungs, esophagus, and trachea. He is not only widely considered exceptional within the US for his work, but also as one of the best thoracic surgeons in the world. </p> <p style="font-weight: bold;">Dr. Cerfolio is more than just a surgeon however. He is also an avid researcher. Dr. Cerfolioa has presented to the American Society of Thoracic Surgeons on a number of occasions in addition to publishing dozens of papers on emerging therapies and techniques in thoracic surgery. As a leader in the field he is a member of several professional organizations. He is a statured member of both the American Association of Thoracic Surgery and the Southern Thoracic Surgical Association.</p><p style="font-weight: bold;">
<br /></p><p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="font-size:130%;">Surgeons and Oncologists</span>
<br /></p>
<br /><strong>United Kingdom
<br />David A. Waller, MD
<br />Glenfield Hospital
<br />Groby Road
<br />Leicester
<br />Leicestershire
<br />LE3 9QP
<br />United Kingdom
<br />Specialty: Surgery for pleural mesothelioma
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<br />Tom Treasure, MD, MS, FRCS
<br />Guy's Hospital
<br />St. Thomas' Street
<br />London
<br />Greater London
<br />SE1 9RT
<br />United Kingdom
<br />Specialty: Surgery for pleural mesothelioma
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<br />Andrew Ritchie, MD, PhD
<br />Papworth Hospital
<br />Papworth Everard
<br />Cambridge
<br />Cambridgeshire
<br />CB3 8RE
<br />United Kingdom
<br />Specialty: Surgery for pleural mesothelioma
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<br />Dr. Ritchie is a Consultant Cardiothoracic and Transplant Surgeon at Papworth Hospital NHS Trust. He has a specific interest in pleural mesothelioma.
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<br />
<br />Loic Lang-Lazdunski, MD, PhD FRCS
<br />Guy's Hospital
<br />St. Thomas Street
<br />London
<br />SE1 9RT
<br />United Kingdom
<br />Specialty: Thoracic Surgery
<br />
<br />Dr. Lang-Lazdunski has been leading the Mesothelioma Program at Guy’s Hospital since 2003, and has expertise in EPP, Pleurectomy/Decortication and VATS pleurodesis. He is one of two surgeons involved in the ongoing MARS trial.
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<br />Robin M. Rudd, MA, MD, FRCP
<br />54 New Cavendish Street
<br />London, W1G 8TQ
<br />United Kingdom
<br />Specialties: Respiratory oncology, pleural mesothelioma
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<br />Also at:
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<br />The London Chest Hospital
<br />Bonner Road
<br />London
<br />Greater London
<br />E2 9JX
<br />United Kingdom
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<br />St. Bartholomew's Hospital
<br />West Smithfield
<br />London
<br />Greater London
<br />EC1A 7BE
<br />United Kingdom
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<br />Dr. Rudd is Co-Director of Bart’s Mesothelioma Research, and is a Consultant in Medical Oncology at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital. He is world renowned as an expert on mesothelioma diagnosis and treatment, as well as lung cancer and other asbestos-related diseases.
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<br />Jeremy P.C. Steele, MD, MRCP
<br />54 New Cavendish Street
<br />London, W1G 8TQ
<br />United Kingdom
<br />Specialty: Respiratory oncology, pleural mesothelioma
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<br />Dr. Steele is Co-Director of Bart’s Mesothelioma Research, and is a Consultant in Medical Oncology at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, the Royal London Hospital and the London Chest Hospital. He is also a member of the Board of Directors of the International Mesothelioma Interest Group (IMIG) and is chairman of Mesothelioma UK.
<br />
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<br />Ireland
<br />
<br />Kenneth J. O’Byrne, MD
<br />St. James' Hospital
<br />James Street
<br />Dublin 8
<br />Ireland
<br />Specialty: Oncology
<br />
<br />
<br />Germany
<br />
<br />Dr. med. Erich Hecker
<br />Klinikum Bremen-Ost gGmbH
<br />Lehrkrankenhaus der Universität Göttingen
<br />Züricher Str. 40
<br />28325 Bremen
<br />Germany
<br />Telephone: 0421 408 – 0
<br />Specialty: Surgery for pleural mesothelioma
<br />
<br />Dr. med. Ludger Hillejan
<br />Klinik für Thoraxchirurgie
<br />Klinikum St. Georg
<br />Krankenhaus St. Raphael
<br />Bremer Strasse 31
<br />49179 Ostercappeln
<br />Germany
<br />Specialty: Surgery for pleural mesothelioma
<br />
<br />Dr. med. Herwart Müller
<br />Onkologische Chirurgie
<br />Ofenthaler Weg 20
<br />D-97762 Hammelburg
<br />Germany
<br />Speciality: Surgery for peritoneal mesothelioma
<br />
<br />
<br />Italy
<br />
<br />Dr. Marcello Deraco
<br />U. O. Melanoma e Sarcoma
<br />Istituto Nazionale Tumori Milano
<br />Via Venezian, 1
<br />20133 Milano
<br />Italy
<br />Specialty: Surgery for peritoneal mesothelioma
<br />
<br />
<br />Spain
<br />
<br />Alberto Gómez Portilla, MD, PhD
<br />Policlinica San José
<br />Beato Tomas de Zumarraga, 10
<br />01008 - Vitoria
<br />Spain
<br />Specialty: Surgery for peritoneal mesothelioma
<br />
<br />Australia</strong>Mesotheliomahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03858174151779381684noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189126768886710378.post-67615676558604200132010-04-03T12:02:00.000-07:002010-04-03T12:03:23.379-07:00Thyroid Cancer<strong>Thyroid Cancer</strong> : <span style="color:#000066;">Definition of thyroid cancer: Cancer that forms in the thyroid gland (an organ at the base of the throat that makes hormones that help control heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and weight). Four main types of thyroid cancer are papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic thyroid cancer. The four types are based on how the cancer cells look under a microscope.Estimated new cases and deaths from thyroid cancer in the United States in 2009:
<br />New cases: 37,200
<br />Deaths: 1,630See the online booklet </span><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/wyntk/thyroid"><span style="color:#000066;">What You Need To Know About™ Thyroid Cancer</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> to learn about thyroid cancer symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and questions to ask the doctor.
<br />TreatmentInformation about treatment, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and vaccine therapy
<br />Thyroid Cancer Treatment</span><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/thyroid/patient"><span style="color:#000066;">[patient]</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> </span><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/thyroid/healthprofessional"><span style="color:#000066;">[health professional]</span></a><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/Search/ClinicalTrialslink.aspx?diagnosis=38801&tt=1&format=1"><span style="color:#000066;">Clinical Trials to Treat Thyroid Cancer</span></a><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Therapy/radiation"><span style="color:#000066;">Radiation Therapy for Cancer: Q & A</span></a><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Therapy/lasers"><span style="color:#000066;">Lasers in Cancer Treatment: Q & A</span></a><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Sites-Types/metastatic"><span style="color:#000066;">Metastatic Cancer: Q&A</span></a>
<br /><span style="color:#000066;">Prevention, Genetics, CausesInformation related to prevention, genetics, risk factors
<br />Genetics of Medullary Thyroid Cancer</a></span><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/medullarythyroid/healthprofessional"><span style="color:#000066;">[health professional]</span></a><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/UnderstandingCancer/genetesting"><span style="color:#000066;">Understanding Gene Testing</span></a><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/search/geneticsservices/"><span style="color:#000066;">Search: Cancer Genetics Services Directory</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">Cancer Genetics Overview</a></span><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/overview/healthprofessional"><span style="color:#000066;">[health professional]</span></a><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/i131"><span style="color:#000066;">Radioactive I-131 from Fallout</span></a>
<br /><span style="color:#000066;">Screening and TestingInformation about methods of cancer detection including new imaging technologies, tumor markers, and biopsy procedures
<br /></span><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Detection/laboratory-tests"><span style="color:#000066;">Interpreting Laboratory Test Results</span></a>
<br /><span style="color:#000066;">
<br />Clinical TrialsInformation and current news about clinical trials and trial-related data
<br /></span><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/results/thyroid"><span style="color:#000066;">Thyroid Cancer Trial Results</span></a><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/Search/ClinicalTrialslink.aspx?diagnosis=38801&format=1"><span style="color:#000066;">Clinical Trials for Thyroid Cancer</span></a><a class="gray-text" onmouseover="window.status=window.location.protocol + '//' + window.location.host + '/clinicaltrials/finding/treatment-trial-guide'; return true;" onmouseout="window.status=''; return true;" href="http://www.cancer.gov/common/clickpassthrough.aspx?clickitem=listId_a60ec5a3-9a69-47dd-8dce-b7f7a0e08556_Url_%2fclinicaltrials%2ffinding%2ftreatment-trial-guide&redirectUrl=%2fclinicaltrials%2ffinding%2ftreatment-trial-guide&fromUrl=%2fcancertopics%2ftypes%2fThyroid"><span style="color:#000066;">How to Find a Cancer Treatment Trial</span></a>
<br /><span style="color:#000066;">Cancer LiteratureResources available from the PubMed database
<br /></span><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/search/searchcancertopics.aspx?listid=434c580a-29c7-44ee-94ce-50be5de67c56"><span style="color:#000066;">Cancer Topic Searches: Endocrine Cancers</span></a><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/search/pubmed"><span style="color:#000066;">Cancer Literature in PubMed</span></a>
<br /><span style="color:#000066;">Research and Related InformationIncludes NCI-supported research, funding opportunities, and special reports
<br /></span><a class="gray-text" href="http://fundedresearch.cancer.gov/"><span style="color:#000066;">NCI Funded Research Portfolio</span></a>
<br /><span style="color:#000066;">StatisticsInformation related to cancer incidence, mortality, and survival
<br /></span><a class="gray-text" href="http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/thyro.html"><span style="color:#000066;">Cancer Stat Fact Sheet: Cancer of the Thyroid</span></a><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/statistics/finding"><span style="color:#000066;">Finding Cancer Statistics</span></a><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/statistics/understanding"><span style="color:#000066;">Understanding Cancer Statistics</span></a>
<br />
<br />Mesotheliomahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03858174151779381684noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189126768886710378.post-43084490229431904152010-04-03T11:58:00.002-07:002010-04-03T12:00:21.239-07:00Bladder Cancer<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_L43ZXew782U/S7eQBVQ6LSI/AAAAAAAAAAs/XrwbAn65hFg/s1600/title_cancertype_new[1].jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455987826144980258" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 90px" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_L43ZXew782U/S7eQBVQ6LSI/AAAAAAAAAAs/XrwbAn65hFg/s320/title_cancertype_new%5B1%5D.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><strong>Bladder Cancer</strong> </div><div> </div><div><span style="color:#000066;">Definition of bladder cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the bladder (the organ that stores urine). Most bladder cancers are transitional cell carcinomas (cancer that begins in cells that normally make up the inner lining of the bladder). Other types include squamous cell carcinoma (cancer that begins in thin, flat cells) and adenocarcinoma (cancer that begins in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids). The cells that form squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma develop in the inner lining of the bladder as a result of chronic irritation and inflammation.Estimated new cases and deaths from bladder cancer in the United States in 2009:<br />New cases: 70,980<br />Deaths: 14,330See the online booklet </span><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/wyntk/bladder"><span style="color:#000066;">What You Need To Know About™ Bladder Cancer</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> to learn about bladder cancer symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and questions to ask the doctor.<br />TreatmentInformation about treatment, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and vaccine therapy<br />Bladder Cancer Treatment</span><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/bladder/patient"><span style="color:#000066;">[patient]</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> </span><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/bladder/healthprofessional"><span style="color:#000066;">[health professional]</span></a><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/Search/ClinicalTrialslink.aspx?diagnosis=38767&tt=1&format=1"><span style="color:#000066;">Clinical Trials to Treat Bladder Cancer</span></a><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Therapy/biological"><span style="color:#000066;">Biological Therapies for Cancer: Q & A</span></a><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Therapy/lasers"><span style="color:#000066;">Lasers in Cancer Treatment: Q & A</span></a><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Sites-Types/metastatic"><span style="color:#000066;">Metastatic Cancer: Q&A</span></a><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/biologicaltherapy"><span style="color:#000066;">Biological Therapy</span></a><br /><a class="red-header" href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/prevention-genetics-causes/bladder"><span style="color:#000066;">Prevention, Genetics, Causes</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">Information related to prevention, genetics, risk factors<br /></span><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/smoking"><span style="color:#000066;">Smoking Home Page</span></a><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/artificial-sweeteners"><span style="color:#000066;">Artificial Sweeteners and Cancer</span></a><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/prevention-genetics-causes/bladder"><span style="color:#000066;">More...</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"><br />Screening and TestingInformation about methods of cancer detection including new imaging technologies, tumor markers, and biopsy procedures<br />Bladder and Other Urothelial Cancers Screening</span><a class="gray-text" onmouseover="window.status=window.location.protocol + '//' + window.location.host + '/cancertopics/pdq/screening/bladder/patient'; return true;" onmouseout="window.status=''; return true;" href="http://www.cancer.gov/common/clickpassthrough.aspx?clickitem=Screening+and+Testing_Bladder+and+Other+Urothelial+Cancers+Screening+(PDQ%c2%ae)_patient&redirectUrl=%2fcancertopics%2fpdq%2fscreening%2fbladder%2fpatient&fromUrl=%2fcancertopics%2ftypes%2fbladder"><span style="color:#000066;">[patient]</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> </span><a class="gray-text" onmouseover="window.status=window.location.protocol + '//' + window.location.host + '/cancertopics/pdq/screening/bladder/healthprofessional'; return true;" onmouseout="window.status=''; return true;" href="http://www.cancer.gov/common/clickpassthrough.aspx?clickitem=Screening+and+Testing_Bladder+and+Other+Urothelial+Cancers+Screening+(PDQ%c2%ae)_healthprofessional&redirectUrl=%2fcancertopics%2fpdq%2fscreening%2fbladder%2fhealthprofessional&fromUrl=%2fcancertopics%2ftypes%2fbladder"><span style="color:#000066;">[health professional]</span></a><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/newscenter/pressreleases/EDRNvalidation"><span style="color:#000066;">Validation Study of Test to Detect Bladder Cancer</span></a><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Detection/laboratory-tests"><span style="color:#000066;">Interpreting Laboratory Test Results</span></a><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Detection/tumor-markers"><span style="color:#000066;">Tumor Markers: Q&A</span></a><br /><span style="color:#000066;"><br />Clinical TrialsInformation and current news about clinical trials and trial-related data<br /></span><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/clinical_trials/doc.aspx?viewid=be73f3e4-bf30-4b79-a038-02b4cac6e341"><span style="color:#000066;">Bladder Cancer Trial Results</span></a><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/Search/ClinicalTrialslink.aspx?diagnosis=38767&format=1"><span style="color:#000066;">Clinical Trials for Bladder Cancer</span></a><a class="gray-text" onmouseover="window.status=window.location.protocol + '//' + window.location.host + '/clinicaltrials/finding/treatment-trial-guide'; return true;" onmouseout="window.status=''; return true;" href="http://www.cancer.gov/common/clickpassthrough.aspx?clickitem=listId_c6cae71d-1d6e-4e93-956d-b89b66889d55_Url_%2fclinicaltrials%2ffinding%2ftreatment-trial-guide&redirectUrl=%2fclinicaltrials%2ffinding%2ftreatment-trial-guide&fromUrl=%2fcancertopics%2ftypes%2fbladder"><span style="color:#000066;">How to Find a Cancer Treatment Trial</span></a><br /><span style="color:#000066;">Cancer LiteratureResources available from the PubMed database<br /></span><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/search/searchcancertopics.aspx?listid=6784d169-d486-4a5d-817d-2e0533a62410"><span style="color:#000066;">Cancer Topic Searches: Urinary Tract Cancers</span></a><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/search/pubmed"><span style="color:#000066;">Cancer Literature in PubMed</span></a><br /><span style="color:#000066;">Research and Related InformationIncludes NCI-supported research, funding opportunities, and special reports<br /></span><a class="gray-text" href="http://fundedresearch.cancer.gov/"><span style="color:#000066;">NCI Funded Research Portfolio</span></a><a class="gray-text" href="http://spores.nci.nih.gov/current/genitourinary/index.htm"><span style="color:#000066;">Genitourinary (GU) SPOREs</span></a><br /><span style="color:#000066;">StatisticsInformation related to cancer incidence, mortality, and survival<br /></span><a class="gray-text" href="http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/urinb.html"><span style="color:#000066;">Cancer Stat Fact Sheet: Cancer of the Urinary Bladder</span></a><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/aboutnci/servingpeople/snapshots/bladder.pdf"><span style="color:#000066;">Snapshot of Bladder Cancer</span></a><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/statistics/finding"><span style="color:#000066;">Finding Cancer Statistics</span></a><a class="gray-text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/statistics/understanding"><span style="color:#000066;">Understanding Cancer Statistics</span></a><br /></div>Mesotheliomahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03858174151779381684noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189126768886710378.post-55086102893486595242010-04-02T22:47:00.000-07:002010-04-02T22:53:08.727-07:00Laryngeal CancerSteve Wiemeyer tells his story of surviving laryngeal cancer with the help of the caregivers of Methodist Estabrook Cancer Center.<br /><br /><br /><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/3dNOWgyAJ1Q&hl=" fs="1&color1=" color2="0xe87a9f&border=" width="415" height="305" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always"></embed><br /><br /><br /><strong>Laryngeal cancer</strong> <span style="color:#000066;">may also be called cancer of the larynx or laryngeal carcinoma. Most laryngeal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, reflecting their origin from the squamous cells which form the majority of the laryngeal epithelium. Cancer can develop in any part of the larynx, but the cure rate is affected by the location of the tumor. For the purposes of tumour staging, the larynx is divided into three anatomical regions: the glottis (true vocal cords, anterior and posterior commissures); the supraglottis (epiglottis, arytenoids and aryepiglottic folds, and false cords); and the subglottis.<br /><br />Most laryngeal cancers originate in the glottis. Supraglottic cancers are less common, and subglottic tumours are least frequent.<br /><br />Laryngeal cancer may spread by direct extension to adjacent structures, by metastasis to regional cervical lymph nodes, or more distantly, through the blood stream. Distant metastates to the lung are most common. </span><br /><strong><span style="color:#990000;">Incidence</span></strong><br /><span style="color:#000066;">Two in 20,000 (12,500 new cases per year) in USA.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngeal_cancer#cite_note-AMN-2"><span style="color:#000066;">[3]</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> The American Cancer Society estimates that 9,510 men and women (7,700 men and 1,810 women) will be diagnosed with and 3,740 men and women will die of laryngeal cancer in 2006.<br />Laryngeal cancer is listed as a "rare disease" by the Office of Rare Diseases (ORD) of the </span><a title="National Institutes of Health" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health"><span style="color:#000066;">National Institutes of Health</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> (NIH). This means that laryngeal cancer affects fewer than 200,000 people in the U.S.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngeal_cancer#cite_note-NIH-3"><span style="color:#000066;">[4]</span></a><br /><span style="color:#000066;">Each year, about 2,200 people in the U.K. are diagnosed with laryngeal cancer.</span><br /><strong><span style="color:#990000;">Treatment</span></strong><br /><span style="color:#000066;">Specific treatment depends on the location, type, and stage of the tumour. Treatment may involve </span><a title="Surgery" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"><span style="color:#000066;">surgery</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">, </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotherapy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotherapy"><span style="color:#000066;">radiotherapy</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">, or </span><a title="Chemotherapy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy"><span style="color:#000066;">chemotherapy</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">, alone or in combination. This is a specialised area which requires the coordinated expertise of ear, nose and throat (ENT) surgeons (</span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Otolaryngologists" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otolaryngologists"><span style="color:#000066;">otolaryngologists</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">) and </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Oncologists" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncologists"><span style="color:#000066;">oncologists</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">.</span>Mesotheliomahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03858174151779381684noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189126768886710378.post-73899182039959860262010-04-02T22:26:00.000-07:002010-04-02T22:42:48.438-07:00Lung Cancer<strong>More than 85 percent of lung cancer cases are smoking-related.</strong><br /><br /><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/GJmQ16cGBHU&hl=" fs="1&rel=" color1="0xcc2550&color2=" border="1" width="415" height="305" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always"></embed><br /><br /><strong>Lung cancer</strong> <span style="color:#000066;">is a </span><a title="Disease" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease"><span style="color:#000066;">disease</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> of uncontrolled </span><a title="Cell growth" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_growth"><span style="color:#000066;">cell growth</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> in </span><a title="Tissue (biology)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)"><span style="color:#000066;">tissues</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> of the </span><a title="Lung" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung"><span style="color:#000066;">lung</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">. This growth may lead to </span><a title="Metastasis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasis"><span style="color:#000066;">metastasis</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">, which is the invasion of adjacent tissue and infiltration beyond the lungs. The vast majority of primary lung cancers are carcinomas of the lung, derived from </span><a title="Epithelium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelium"><span style="color:#000066;">epithelial</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> cells. Lung </span><a title="Cancer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"><span style="color:#000066;">cancer</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">, the most common cause of cancer-related death in men and women, is responsible for </span><a title="Category:Deaths from lung cancer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_lung_cancer"><span style="color:#000066;">1.3 million deaths</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> worldwide annually, as of 2004.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer#cite_note-WHO-0"><span style="color:#000066;">[1]</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> The most common </span><a title="Symptom" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptom"><span style="color:#000066;">symptoms</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> are shortness of breath, coughing (including </span><a title="Hemoptysis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoptysis"><span style="color:#000066;">coughing up blood</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">), and weight loss.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer#cite_note-Harrison-1"><span style="color:#000066;">[2]</span></a><br /><span style="color:#000066;">The main types of lung cancer are small cell lung carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma. This distinction is important, because the treatment varies; non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is sometimes treated with </span><a title="Lung cancer surgery" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer_surgery"><span style="color:#000066;">surgery</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">, while small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) usually responds better to </span><a title="Chemotherapy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy"><span style="color:#000066;">chemotherapy</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> and radiation.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer#cite_note-Cancer_Medicine-2"><span style="color:#000066;">[3]</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> The most common cause of lung cancer is long-term exposure to </span><a title="Tobacco smoking" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking"><span style="color:#000066;">tobacco smoke</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer#cite_note-Merck-3"><span style="color:#000066;">[4]</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> The occurrence of lung cancer in nonsmokers, who account for as many as 15% of cases,</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer#cite_note-Thun-4"><span style="color:#000066;">[5]</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> is often attributed to a combination of </span><a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"><span style="color:#000066;">genetic factors</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">,</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer#cite_note-Gorlova-5"><span style="color:#000066;">[6]</span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer#cite_note-Hackshaw-6"><span style="color:#000066;">[7]</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> </span><a title="Radon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radon"><span style="color:#000066;">radon</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> gas,</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer#cite_note-Catelinois-7"><span style="color:#000066;">[8]</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> </span><a title="Asbestos" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos"><span style="color:#000066;">asbestos</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">,</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer#cite_note-O.27Reilly-8"><span style="color:#000066;">[9]</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> and </span><a title="Air pollution" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution"><span style="color:#000066;">air pollution</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">,</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer#cite_note-Kabir-9"><span style="color:#000066;">[10]</span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer#cite_note-Coyle-10"><span style="color:#000066;">[11]</span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer#cite_note-Chiu-11"><span style="color:#000066;">[12]</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> including </span><a title="Passive smoking" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_smoking"><span style="color:#000066;">secondhand smoke</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer#cite_note-AUTOREF-12"><span style="color:#000066;">[13]</span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer#cite_note-AUTOREF1-13"><span style="color:#000066;">[14]</span></a><br /><span style="color:#000066;">Lung cancer may be seen on </span><a title="Chest radiograph" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_radiograph"><span style="color:#000066;">chest radiograph</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> and </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Computed tomography" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computed_tomography"><span style="color:#000066;">computed tomography</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> (CT scan). The </span><a title="Medical diagnosis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosis"><span style="color:#000066;">diagnosis</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> is confirmed with a </span><a title="Biopsy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopsy"><span style="color:#000066;">biopsy</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">. This is usually performed by </span><a title="Bronchoscopy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchoscopy"><span style="color:#000066;">bronchoscopy</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> or CT-guided biopsy. Treatment and </span><a title="Prognosis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prognosis"><span style="color:#000066;">prognosis</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> depend upon the </span><a title="Histology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histology"><span style="color:#000066;">histological</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> type of cancer, the </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Staging (pathology)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staging_(pathology)"><span style="color:#000066;">stage</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> (degree of spread), and the patient's </span><a title="Performance status" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_status"><span style="color:#000066;">performance status</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">. Possible treatments include surgery, </span><a title="Chemotherapy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy"><span style="color:#000066;">chemotherapy</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">, and </span><a title="Radiation therapy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy"><span style="color:#000066;">radiotherapy</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">. Depending on the stage and treatment, the five-year </span><a title="Survival rate" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_rate"><span style="color:#000066;">survival</span></a><br /><span style="color:#000066;"><strong><span style="color:#990000;">Signs and symptoms</span></strong> .</span><br /><a title="Symptom" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptom"><span style="color:#000066;">Symptoms</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> that suggest lung cancer include:</span><a title="Dyspnea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspnea"><span style="color:#000066;">dyspnea</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> (shortness of breath)<br /></span><a title="Hemoptysis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoptysis"><span style="color:#000066;">hemoptysis</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> (coughing up blood)<br />chronic </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Coughing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coughing"><span style="color:#000066;">coughing</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> or change in regular coughing pattern<br /></span><a title="Wheeze" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeze"><span style="color:#000066;">wheezing</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"><br /></span><a title="Chest pain" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_pain"><span style="color:#000066;">chest pain</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> or pain in the abdomen<br /></span><a title="Cachexia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cachexia"><span style="color:#000066;">cachexia</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> (weight loss), </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (physical)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(physical)"><span style="color:#000066;">fatigue</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">, and loss of </span><a title="Appetite" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appetite"><span style="color:#000066;">appetite</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"><br /></span><a title="Dysphonia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysphonia"><span style="color:#000066;">dysphonia</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> (hoarse voice)<br /></span><a title="Clubbing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clubbing"><span style="color:#000066;">clubbing</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> of the fingernails (uncommon)<br /></span><a title="Dysphagia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysphagia"><span style="color:#000066;">dysphagia</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> (difficulty swallowing).<br />If the cancer grows in the </span><a title="Airway" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airway"><span style="color:#000066;">airway</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">, it may obstruct airflow, causing </span><a title="Dyspnea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspnea"><span style="color:#000066;">breathing difficulties</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">. This can lead to accumulation of secretions behind the blockage, predisposing the patient to </span><a title="Pneumonia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"><span style="color:#000066;">pneumonia</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">. Many lung cancers have a rich blood supply. The surface of the cancer may be fragile, leading to bleeding from the cancer into the airway. This blood may subsequently be coughed up.<br />Depending on the type of tumor, so-called </span><a title="Paraneoplastic syndrome" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraneoplastic_syndrome"><span style="color:#000066;">paraneoplastic phenomena</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> may initially attract attention to the disease. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include </span><a title="Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert-Eaton_myasthenic_syndrome"><span style="color:#000066;">Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> (muscle weakness due to </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune disorder" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_disorder"><span style="color:#000066;">auto-antibodies</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">), </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Hypercalcemia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercalcemia"><span style="color:#000066;">hypercalcemia</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">, or </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndrome_of_inappropriate_antidiuretic_hormone"><span style="color:#000066;">syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> (SIADH). Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as </span><a title="Pancoast tumor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancoast_tumor"><span style="color:#000066;">Pancoast tumors</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">, may invade the local part of the </span><a title="Sympathetic nervous system" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system"><span style="color:#000066;">sympathetic nervous system</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">, leading to changed sweating patterns and eye muscle problems (a combination known as </span><a title="Horner's syndrome" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horner%27s_syndrome"><span style="color:#000066;">Horner's syndrome</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">) as well as muscle weakness in the hands due to invasion of the </span><a title="Brachial plexus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_plexus"><span style="color:#000066;">brachial plexus</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">.<br />Many of the symptoms of lung cancer (</span><a title="Bone pain" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_pain"><span style="color:#000066;">bone pain</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">, </span><a title="Fever" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever"><span style="color:#000066;">fever</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">, and </span><a title="Weight loss" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_loss"><span style="color:#000066;">weight loss</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">) are nonspecific; in the elderly, these may be attributed to </span><a title="Comorbidity" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comorbidity"><span style="color:#000066;">comorbid illness</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">. In many patients, the cancer has already spread beyond the original site by the time they have symptoms and seek medical attention. Common sites of </span><a title="Metastasis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasis"><span style="color:#000066;">metastasis</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> include the brain, bone, </span><a title="Adrenal gland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_gland"><span style="color:#000066;">adrenal glands</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">, contralateral (opposite) lung, liver, </span><a title="Pericardium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardium"><span style="color:#000066;">pericardium</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">, and </span><a title="Kidney" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney"><span style="color:#000066;">kidneys</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">. About 10% of people with lung cancer do not have symptoms at diagnosis; these cancers are incidentally found on routine chest radiograph.</span><br /><p><span style="color:#990000;"><strong>Treatment</strong></span></p><p><span style="color:#000066;">Treatment for lung cancer depends on the cancer's specific cell type, how far it has </span><a title="Cancer staging" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_staging"><span style="color:#000066;">spread</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">, and the patient's </span><a title="Performance status" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_status"><span style="color:#000066;">performance status</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">. Common treatments include </span><a title="Surgery" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"><span style="color:#000066;">surgery</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">, </span><a title="Chemotherapy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy"><span style="color:#000066;">chemotherapy</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">, and </span><a title="Radiation therapy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy"><span style="color:#000066;">radiation therapy</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">.</span></p><u><span style="color:#800080;"></span></u>Mesotheliomahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03858174151779381684noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189126768886710378.post-8705357109020637092010-04-02T21:28:00.000-07:002010-04-02T22:24:05.812-07:00Breast Cancer<p><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/kcFje6ZUSXs&hl=" width="415" height="305" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" color2="0xe87a9f&border=" fs="1&color1="></embed></p><p><strong></strong> </p><p><strong>Breast cancer</strong> <span style="color:#000066;">refers to </span><a title="Cancer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"><span style="color:#000066;">cancers</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> originating from </span><a title="Breast" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast"><span style="color:#000066;">breast</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> tissue, most commonly from the inner lining of </span><a title="Milk" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk"><span style="color:#000066;">milk</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> </span><a title="Duct (anatomy)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duct_(anatomy)"><span style="color:#000066;">ducts</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> or the </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Lobules" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobules"><span style="color:#000066;">lobules</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> that supply the ducts with milk. Cancers originating from ducts are known as </span><a title="Mammary ductal carcinoma" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammary_ductal_carcinoma"><span style="color:#000066;">ductal carcinomas</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">; those originating from lobules are known as </span><a title="Lobular carcinoma" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobular_carcinoma"><span style="color:#000066;">lobular carcinomas</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">. There are many different types of breast cancer, with different stages (spread), aggressiveness, and genetic makeup; survival varies greatly depending on those factors.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer#cite_note-0"><span style="color:#000066;">[1]</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> Computerized models are available to predict survival.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer#cite_note-1"><span style="color:#000066;">[2]</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> With best treatment and dependent on staging, 10-year disease-free survival varies from 98% to 10%. Treatment includes </span><a title="Surgery" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"><span style="color:#000066;">surgery</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">, </span><a title="Drug" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug"><span style="color:#000066;">drugs</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> (</span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Hormonal therapy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonal_therapy"><span style="color:#000066;">hormonal therapy</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> and </span><a title="Chemotherapy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy"><span style="color:#000066;">chemotherapy</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">), and </span><a title="Radiation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation"><span style="color:#000066;">radiation</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">.<br />Worldwide, breast cancer comprises 10.4% of all cancer </span><a title="Incidence (epidemiology)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology)"><span style="color:#000066;">incidence</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> among women, making it the second most common type of non-skin cancer (after </span><a title="Lung cancer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer"><span style="color:#000066;">lung cancer</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">) and the fifth most common cause of cancer death.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer#cite_note-WHO_WCR-2"><span style="color:#000066;">[3]</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> In 2004, breast cancer caused 519,000 deaths worldwide (7% of cancer deaths; almost 1% of all deaths).</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer#cite_note-who_fact_sheet-3"><span style="color:#000066;">[4]</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> Breast cancer is about 100 times more common in women than in men, but survival rates are equal in both sexes.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer#cite_note-Dave-4"><span style="color:#000066;">[5]</span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer#cite_note-5"><span style="color:#000066;">[6]</span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer#cite_note-acs_bc_key_stats_men-6"><span style="color:#000066;">[7]</span></a><br /><span style="color:#000066;">Some breast cancers require the </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Hormones" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormones"><span style="color:#000066;">hormones</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> </span><a title="Estrogen" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen"><span style="color:#000066;">estrogen</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> and </span><a title="Progesterone" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone"><span style="color:#000066;">progesterone</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> to grow, and have receptors for those hormones. After surgery those cancers are treated with drugs that interfere with those hormones, usually </span><a title="Tamoxifen" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoxifen"><span style="color:#000066;">tamoxifen</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">, and with drugs that shut off the production of estrogen in the ovaries or elsewhere; this may damage the ovaries and end fertility. After surgery, low-risk, hormone-sensitive breast cancers may be treated with hormone therapy and radiation alone. Breast cancers without hormone receptors, or which have spread to the lymph nodes in the armpits, or which express certain genetic characteristics, are higher-risk, and are treated more aggressively. One standard regimen, popular in the U.S., is </span><a title="Cyclophosphamide" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclophosphamide"><span style="color:#000066;">cyclophosphamide</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> plus </span><a title="Doxorubicin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxorubicin"><span style="color:#000066;">doxorubicin</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> (Adriamycin), known as </span><a title="Chemotherapy regimens" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy_regimens"><span style="color:#000066;">CA</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">; these drugs damage DNA in the cancer, but also in fast-growing normal cells where they cause serious side effects. Sometimes a </span><a title="Taxane" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxane"><span style="color:#000066;">taxane</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> drug, such as </span><a title="Docetaxel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docetaxel"><span style="color:#000066;">docetaxel</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">, is added, and the regime is then known as CAT; taxane attacks the microtubules in cancer cells. An equivalent treatment, popular in Europe, is </span><a title="Cyclophosphamide" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclophosphamide"><span style="color:#000066;">cyclophosphamide</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">, </span><a title="Methotrexate" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methotrexate"><span style="color:#000066;">methotrexate</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">, and </span><a title="Fluorouracil" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorouracil"><span style="color:#000066;">fluorouracil</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> (CMF).</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer#cite_note-7"><span style="color:#000066;">[8]</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> Monoclonal antibodies, such as </span><a title="Trastuzumab" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastuzumab"><span style="color:#000066;">trastuzumab</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> (Herceptin), are used for cancer cells that have the HER2 mutation. Radiation is usually added to the surgical bed to control cancer cells that were missed by the surgery, which usually extends survival, although radiation exposure to the heart may cause damage and heart failure in the following years.<br /></span><strong><span style="color:#990000;">Signs and symptoms.</span></strong></p><p><span style="color:#000066;">The first noticeable </span><a title="Symptom" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptom"><span style="color:#000066;">symptom</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> of breast cancer is typically a </span><a title="Breast lump" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_lump"><span style="color:#000066;">lump</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> that feels different from the rest of the breast tissue. More than 80% of breast cancer cases are discovered when the woman feels a lump.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer#cite_note-merck-16"><span style="color:#000066;">[17]</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> By the time a breast lump is noticeable, it has probably been growing for years. The earliest breast cancers are detected by a </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Mammogram" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammogram"><span style="color:#000066;">mammogram</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer#cite_note-acs_cancer_facts_2007-17"><span style="color:#000066;">[18]</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> Lumps found in lymph nodes located in the armpits</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer#cite_note-merck-16"><span style="color:#000066;">[17]</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> can also indicate breast cancer.<br />Indications of breast cancer other than a lump may include changes in breast size or shape, skin dimpling, nipple inversion, or spontaneous single-nipple discharge. Pain ("</span><a title="Mastodynia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastodynia"><span style="color:#000066;">mastodynia</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">") is an unreliable tool in determining the presence or absence of breast cancer, but may be indicative of other </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Breast health" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_health"><span style="color:#000066;">breast health</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> issues.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer#cite_note-merck-16"><span style="color:#000066;">[17]</span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer#cite_note-acs_cancer_facts_2007-17"><span style="color:#000066;">[18]</span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer#cite_note-eMed-18"><span style="color:#000066;">[19]</span></a><br /><span style="color:#000066;">When breast cancer cells invade the dermal lymphatics—small lymph vessels in the skin of the breast—its presentation can resemble skin inflammation and thus is known as inflammatory breast cancer (IBC). Symptoms of inflammatory breast cancer include pain, swelling, warmth and redness throughout the breast, as well as an orange-peel texture to the skin referred to as peau d'orange.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer#cite_note-merck-16"><span style="color:#000066;">[17]</span></a><br /><span style="color:#000066;">Another reported symptom complex of breast cancer is </span><a title="Paget's disease of the breast" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paget"><span style="color:#000066;">Paget's disease of the breast</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">. This </span><a title="Syndrome" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndrome"><span style="color:#000066;">syndrome</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> presents as </span><a title="Eczema" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eczema"><span style="color:#000066;">eczematoid</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> skin changes such as redness and mild flaking of the nipple skin. As Paget's advances, symptoms may include tingling, itching, increased sensitivity, burning, and pain. There may also be discharge from the nipple. Approximately half of women diagnosed with Paget's also have a lump in the breast.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer#cite_note-nci_paget-19"><span style="color:#000066;">[20]</span></a><br /><span style="color:#000066;">Occasionally, breast cancer presents as </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Metastatic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastatic"><span style="color:#000066;">metastatic</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> disease, that is, cancer that has spread beyond the original organ. </span><a title="Metastatic breast cancer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastatic_breast_cancer"><span style="color:#000066;">Metastatic breast cancer</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> will cause symptoms that depend on the location of metastasis. Common sites of metastasis include bone, liver, lung and brain.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer#cite_note-pmid17158753-20"><span style="color:#000066;">[21]</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> Unexplained weight loss can occasionally herald an occult breast cancer, as can symptoms of fevers or chills. Bone or joint pains can sometimes be manifestations of metastatic breast cancer, as can jaundice or neurological symptoms. These symptoms are "non-specific", meaning they can also be manifestations of many other illnesses.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer#cite_note-nci_metastatic-21"><span style="color:#000066;">[22]</span></a><br /><span style="color:#000066;">Most symptoms of breast disorder do not turn out to represent underlying breast cancer. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Benign breast disease" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_breast_disease"><span style="color:#000066;">Benign breast diseases</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> such as </span><a title="Mastitis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastitis"><span style="color:#000066;">mastitis</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> and </span><a title="Fibroadenoma" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroadenoma"><span style="color:#000066;">fibroadenoma</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> of the breast are more common causes of breast disorder symptoms. The appearance of a new symptom should be taken seriously by both patients and their doctors, because of the possibility of an underlying breast cancer at almost any age.</span><br /><strong><span style="color:#990000;">Treatment</span></strong></p><p><span style="color:#000066;">Breast cancer is treated first with </span><a title="Surgery" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"><span style="color:#000066;">surgery</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">, and then with drugs, radiation, or both. Treatments are given with increasing aggressiveness according to the prognosis and risk of recurrence.Stage 1 cancers (and DCIS) have an excellent prognosis and are generally treated with lumpectomy with or without radiation.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer#cite_note-54"><span style="color:#000066;">[55]</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> Although the aggressive HER2+ cancers should also be treated with the </span><a title="Trastuzumab" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastuzumab"><span style="color:#000066;">trastuzumab</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> (Herceptin) regime.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer#cite_note-55"><span style="color:#000066;">[56]</span></a><span style="color:#000066;">Stage 2 and 3 cancers with a progressively poorer prognosis and greater risk of recurrence are generally treated with surgery (lumpectomy or mastectomy with or without lymph node removal), radiation (sometimes) and chemotherapy (plus </span><a title="Trastuzumab" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastuzumab"><span style="color:#000066;">trastuzumab</span></a><span style="color:#000066;"> for HER2+ cancers).Stage 4, metastatic cancer, (ie spread to distant sites) is not curable and is managed by various combinations of all treatments from surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and targeted therapies. These treatments increase the median survival time of stage 4 breast cancer by about 6 months.</span></p>Mesotheliomahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03858174151779381684noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189126768886710378.post-74356800217709993812010-04-02T20:06:00.000-07:002010-04-02T20:42:56.554-07:00Mesothelioma<object width="415" height="305"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/gLTDknLVm4A&hl=fr_FR&fs=1&color1=0xcc2550&color2=0xe87a9f&border=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/gLTDknLVm4A&hl=fr_FR&fs=1&color1=0xcc2550&color2=0xe87a9f&border=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="415" height="305"></embed></object><br /><br /><strong><span style="color:#000066;">Mesothelioma, more precisely malignant mesothelioma, is a rare form of </span></strong><a title="Cancer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">cancer</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;"> that develops from the protective lining that covers many of the body's internal organs, the </span></strong><a title="Mesothelium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesothelium"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">mesothelium</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;">. It is usually caused by exposure to </span></strong><a title="Asbestos" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">asbestos</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;">.</span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesothelioma#cite_note-0"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">[1]</span></strong></a><br /><strong><span style="color:#000066;">Its most common site is the </span></strong><a class="mw-redirect" title="Pleura" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleura"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">pleura</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;"> (outer lining of the </span></strong><a title="Lung" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">lungs</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;"> and internal chest wall), but it may also occur in the </span></strong><a title="Peritoneum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneum"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">peritoneum</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;"> (the lining of the abdominal cavity), the heart,</span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesothelioma#cite_note-1"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">[2]</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;"> the </span></strong><a title="Pericardium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardium"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">pericardium</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;"> (a sac that surrounds the </span></strong><a title="Heart" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">heart</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;">) or </span></strong><a title="Tunica vaginalis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunica_vaginalis"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">tunica vaginalis</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;">.<br />Most people who develop mesothelioma have worked on jobs where they inhaled asbestos particles, or they have been exposed to asbestos dust and fiber in other ways. It has also been suggested that washing the clothes of a family member who worked with asbestos can put a person at risk for developing mesothelioma.</span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesothelioma#cite_note-2"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">[3]</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;"> Unlike lung cancer, there is no association between mesothelioma and </span></strong><a title="Smoking" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">smoking</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;">, but smoking greatly increases the risk of other asbestos-induced cancers.</span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesothelioma#cite_note-muscat-3"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">[4]</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;"> Compensation via asbestos funds or lawsuits is an important issue in mesothelioma (see </span></strong><a title="Asbestos and the law" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos_and_the_law"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">asbestos and the law</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;">).<br />The symptoms of mesothelioma include </span></strong><a class="mw-redirect" title="Shortness of breath" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortness_of_breath"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">shortness of breath</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;"> due to </span></strong><a title="Pleural effusion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleural_effusion"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">pleural effusion</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;"> (fluid between the lung and the </span></strong><a class="mw-redirect" title="Chest wall" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_wall"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">chest wall</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;">) or chest wall </span></strong><a title="Pain" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">pain</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;">, and general symptoms such as </span></strong><a title="Weight loss" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_loss"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">weight loss</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;">. The diagnosis may be suspected with </span></strong><a class="mw-redirect" title="Chest X-ray" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_X-ray"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">chest X-ray</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;"> and </span></strong><a class="mw-redirect" title="CT scan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_scan"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">CT scan</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;">, and is confirmed with a </span></strong><a title="Biopsy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopsy"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">biopsy</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;"> (tissue sample) and </span></strong><a title="Histopathology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histopathology"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">microscopic</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;"> examination. A </span></strong><a title="Thoracoscopy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracoscopy"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">thoracoscopy</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;"> (inserting a tube with a camera into the chest) can be used to take biopsies. It allows the introduction of substances such as </span></strong><a title="Talc" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talc"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">talc</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;"> to obliterate the pleural space (called </span></strong><a title="Pleurodesis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurodesis"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">pleurodesis</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;">), which prevents more fluid from accumulating and pressing on the lung. Despite treatment with </span></strong><a title="Chemotherapy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">chemotherapy</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;">, </span></strong><a title="Radiation therapy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">radiation therapy</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;"> or sometimes </span></strong><a title="Surgery" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">surgery</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;">, the disease carries a poor </span></strong><a title="Prognosis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prognosis"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">prognosis</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;">. Research about </span></strong><a class="mw-redirect" title="Screening test" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screening_test"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">screening tests</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;"> for the early detection of mesothelioma is ongoing.</span></strong><br /><br /><strong><span style="color:#cc0000;"><span style="color:#cc0000;">Signs and symptoms</span><br /></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="color:#000066;">Symptoms or signs of mesothelioma may not appear until 20 to 50 years (or more) after exposure to asbestos. Shortness of breath, cough, and pain in the chest due to an accumulation of fluid in the pleural space (</span></strong><a title="Pleural effusion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleural_effusion"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">pleural effusion</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;">) are often symptoms of pleural mesothelioma.<br />Symptoms of </span></strong><a title="Peritoneum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneum"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">peritoneal</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;"> mesothelioma include weight loss and </span></strong><a title="Cachexia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cachexia"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">cachexia</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;">, abdominal swelling and pain due to </span></strong><a title="Ascites" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascites"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">ascites</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;"> (a buildup of fluid in the abdominal cavity). Other symptoms of </span></strong><a class="mw-redirect" title="Peritoneal Mesothelioma" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneal_Mesothelioma"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">Peritoneal Mesothelioma</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;"> may include bowel obstruction, blood clotting abnormalities, </span></strong><a title="Anemia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">anemia</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;">, and </span></strong><a title="Fever" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">fever</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;">. If the cancer has spread beyond the mesothelium to other parts of the body, symptoms may include pain, trouble swallowing, or swelling of the neck or face.<br />These symptoms may be caused by mesothelioma or by other, less serious conditions.<br />Mesothelioma that affects the pleura can cause these signs and symptoms:<br />Chest wall pain<br />Pleural effusion, or fluid surrounding the lung<br />Shortness of breath<br />Fatigue or anemia<br />Wheezing, hoarseness, or cough<br />Blood in the </span></strong><a title="Sputum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputum"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">sputum</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;"> (fluid) coughed up (</span></strong><a title="Hemoptysis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoptysis"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">hemoptysis</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;">)<br />In severe cases, the person may have many </span></strong><a title="Tumor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">tumor</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;"> masses. The individual may develop a </span></strong><a title="Pneumothorax" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumothorax"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">pneumothorax</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;">, or collapse of the </span></strong><a title="Lung" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">lung</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;">. The disease may </span></strong><a class="mw-redirect" title="Metastasize" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasize"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">metastasize</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;">, or spread, to other parts of the body.<br />Tumors that affect the abdominal cavity often do not cause symptoms until they are at a late stage. Symptoms include:<br />Abdominal pain<br /></span></strong><a title="Ascites" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascites"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">Ascites</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;">, or an abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen<br />A mass in the abdomen<br />Problems with bowel function<br />Weight loss<br />In severe cases of the disease, the following signs and symptoms may be present:<br />Blood clots in the veins, which may cause </span></strong><a title="Thrombophlebitis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombophlebitis"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">thrombophlebitis</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;"><br /></span></strong><a title="Disseminated intravascular coagulation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disseminated_intravascular_coagulation"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">Disseminated intravascular coagulation</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;">, a disorder causing severe bleeding in many body organs<br /></span></strong><a title="Jaundice" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundice"><strong><span style="color:#000066;">Jaundice</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color:#000066;">, or yellowing of the eyes and skin<br />Low blood sugar level<br />Pleural effusion<br />Pulmonary emboli, or blood clots in the arteries of the lungs<br />Severe ascites<br />A mesothelioma does not usually spread to the bone, brain, or adrenal glands. Pleural tumors are usually found only on one side of the lungs.</span></strong><br /></p><p><strong><span style="color:#cc0000;">Treatment</span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="color:#000066;">The prognosis for malignant mesothelioma remains disappointing, although there have been some modest improvements in prognosis from newer chemotherapies and multimodality treatments. Treatment of malignant mesothelioma at earlier stages has a better prognosis, but cures are exceedingly rare. Clinical behavior of the malignancy is affected by several factors including the continuous mesothelial surface of the pleural cavity which favors local metastasis via exfoliated cells, invasion to underlying tissue and other organs within the pleural cavity, and the extremely long latency period between asbestos exposure and development of the disease. The histological subtype and the patient's age and health status also help predict prognosis.</span></strong></p>Mesotheliomahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03858174151779381684noreply@blogger.com0